Our Work

Publications

2025

Changes in employment and health burden over 3 years among Medicaid expansion enrollees in Michigan. JAMA Health Forum (Accepted)

Patel MR, Clark S, Beathard E, Box N, Kirch M, Tipernini R, Ayanian JZ, Goold S.

Understanding financial hardship in families of people living with dementia: Protocol for a scoping review to identify subjective self-report measures that evaluate financial hardship. PLoS One. 2025 Sep 9;20(9):e0331114.

Carlozzi NE, Graves CM, Freeman JL, Leggett AN, Miner JA, Lai JS, Fansher M, Patel MR.

Utilization and patient experiences of telehealth among Medicaid expansion enrollees. Health Aff Sch. 2025 Mar 21;3(5):qxaf060.

Liu T, Box N, Kirch M, Anthony D, Ayanian JZ, Patel MR, Clark S, Goold S.

Reddit as a Social Media Self-Management Tool for Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Qualitative Analysis. J Med Internet Res. 2025 Aug 1;27:e75137.

Adeyemi T, Gutermuth B, Hodish G, Berinstein J, Newman K, Hawley S, Patel MR, Higgins P, Resnicow K, Krein S, Cohen-Mekelburg S.

Food insecurity and the risk of diabetes: understanding the role of body mass index as a mediator and moderator. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2025 Jul;33(7):1375-1385.

Leung CW, Uriarte A, Patel MR, Miller M, Spring E, Wolfson JA, Cohen AJ, Heisler M, Hao W.

Financial toxicity in diabetes: The state of what we know. Current Diabetes Reports, 2025 May 13;25(1):32.

Patel MR.

Leveraging artificial intelligence to identify and intervene on unmet social needs through care coordination: A scoping review. J Adv Nurs. 2025 Mar 10.

Davis VH, Pinto A, Patel MR.

Understanding reasons why patients with food insecurity decline social assistance at a large academic medical center. American Journal of Preventive Medicine Focus, 2025 Feb 7;4(2):100320.

Connelley A, Young A, Lee JT, Miller M, Spring E, Hao W, Wolfson JA, Cohen AJ, Patel MR, Leung CW.

Chronic disease and future perceptions of financial control: Results from the Midlife in the United States cohort study. Medical Care, 2025 Feb 3.

Davis VH, Zhang G, Patel MR.

Clinically meaningful classes of financial toxicity for patients with diabetes. Journal of Patient-Reported Outcomes, 2025 Jan 6;9(1):2.

Patel MR, Troost JP, Heisler M, Carlozzi NE.

2024

Unbanked status among individuals with diabetes: Exploring reasons, correlates, and implications for financial and health outcomes. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 2024 Dec 9.

Patel MR.

Self-efficacy, patient activation, and the burden of inflammatory bowel disease on patient’s daily lives. Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 2024 Nov;69(11):4089-4097.

Sheehan JL, Greene-Higgs L, Resnicow K, Patel MR, Barnes EL, Waljee A, Higgins PDR, Cohen-Mekelburg S.

A Randomized Controlled Trial to Improve Unmet Social Needs and Clinical Outcomes Among Adults with Diabetes. J Gen Intern Med. 2024 Oct;39(13):2415-2424.

Patel MR, Zhang G, Heisler M, Piette JD, Resnicow K, Choe HM, Shi X, Song P.

Food insecurity at a large academic medical center: understanding the scope, trends, risk factors, and disparities in patients’ interest in assistance. JAMA Netw Open, 2024 Mar 4;7(3):e243723.

Leung CW, Patel MR, Miller M, Spring E, Wang Z, Wolfson JA, Cohen AJ, Heisler M, Hao W.

2023

Expanding research on the impact of financial hardship on emotional well-being: guidance of diverse stakeholders to the Emotional Well-Being and Economic Burden of Disease (EMOT-ECON) Research Network. Front Psychol. 2023 Jul 28;14:1196525.

Pisu M, Liang MI, Pressman SD, Carol D Ryff, CD, Patel MR, Hussein M, Williams CP, Henrikson NB, Schoenberger YM, Pracht LJ, Bradshaw E, Carpenter T, Matthis A, Schwartz DL, Martin MY.

Economic burden, financial stress, and cost-related coping among people with uncontrolled diabetes. Preventive Medicine Reports 2023 May 15;34:102246.

Patel MR, Tolentino DA, Smith A, Heisler M.

Food insecurity and perceived financial stress are associated with cost-related medication non-adherence in stroke. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 2023;34(2):625-639.

Springer M, Skolarus L, Patel MR.

Cost-related non-adherence behaviors for diabetes and comorbid conditions- association with diabetes outcomes. Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine, 2023 Feb 8;36(1):15-24.

Chiang YC, Ni W, Zhang G, Shi X, Patel MR.

2022

HPV vaccination initation among White, Black, and Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) males. Preventive Medicine Reports, 2022 Oct 19;30:102029.

Harper DM, Rego R, Tariq M, Patel MR, Resnicow K, Gorin SS.

Predictors of interest in offered social care assistance among people with uncontrolled diabetes. Population Health Management, 2022 Dec;25(6):744-752.

Patel MR, Smith A, Torby M, Isaacson N, Cohen AJ.

Measurement and validation of the Comprehensive Score for financial toxicity (COST) in a population with diabetes. Diabetes Care, 2022 Nov 1;45(11):2535-2543.

Patel MR, Zhang G, Heisler M, Song PXK, Piette JD, Shi X, Choe HM, Smith A, Resnicow K.

Multiple Social Risk Factors are Adversely Associated with Diabetes Management and Psychosocial Outcomes among Adults with Diabetes. Prev Med Rep. 2022 Aug 19;29:101957.

Leung CW, Heisler M. Patel MR.

Fear of Deportation and Associations with Mental Health among Michigan residents of Middle Eastern & North African Descent. J Immigr Minor Health. 2022 Sep 1.

Fleming PJ, Patel MR, Green M, Tariq M, Alhawli A, Syed N, Ali A, Bacon E, Goodell S, Smith A, Harper DM, Resnicow K.

Disparities in electivie vs. emergency surgery for colorectal cancer. Annals of Surgery, 2022 Aug 11.

Howard R, Hendren S, Patel MR, Gunaseelan V, Wixson M, Waljee J, Englesbe M, Bicket MC.

Comparative predictors for cervical cancer screening in southeast Michigan for Middle Eastern and North African (MENA), White, and African American/Black women. Preventive Medicine, 2022 Apr 20;159:107054.

Harper DM, Tariq M, Alhawli A, Syed N, Patel MR, Resnicow K.

Motivators, barriers, and preferences to engagement with offered social care assistance among people with diabetes: a mixed methods study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022 Sept; 63(3); Supp 2: S152.

Cohen AJ, Isaacson N, Torby M, Smith A, Zhang G, Patel MR.

Preferences for healthcare chaplaincy services among U.S. adults: differences by inpatient and outpatient settings. Journal of Healthcare Chaplaincy, 2022 Apr 21:1-15.

Rajaee G, Patel MR.

Divergent Patterns in Care Utilization and Financial Distress between Patients with Blood Cancers and Solid Tumors: A National Health Interview Survey Study, 2014-2020. Cancers 2022, 14(7), 1605.

Su CT, Veenstra CM, Patel MR.

Concordant physician-patient characteristics lose importance for Arab American women and their healthcare- cross-sectional study. The Lancet Regional Health- Americas, 2022 June; 10(2):25.

Harper DM, Sen A, Tariq M, El Khoury C, Haro E, Alman E, Patel MR, Resnicow K.

Longitudinal trends in enrollees’ employment and student status after Medicaid Expansion. BMC Health Serv Res. 2022 Feb 19;22(1):233.

Tiperneni R, Kieffer EC, Ayanian JZ, Patel MR, Kirch M, Luster J, Karmakar M, Goold SD.

Elevating health disparities education among trainees and physicians. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2022 Jan 14:S2213-2198(22)00013-7.

Perry T, Patel MR, Li J.

Risk and protective factors for cost-related non-adherence among Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) adults. Ethn Dis. 2022 Jan 20;32(1):11-20.

Green M, Resnicow K, Tariq M, Syed N, Alhawli A, Patel MR.

2021

The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on medical conditions and medication adherence in people with chronic disease. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2021;S1544-3191(21)00474.

Ismail H, Marshall VD, Patel MR, Tariq M, Mohammad RA.

Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on unmet social needs, self-care, and outcomes among people with diabetes and poor glycemic control. Prim Care Diabetes. 2021;S1751-9918(21)00189-3.

Patel MR, Zhang G, Leung C, Song PXK, Heisler M, Choe HM, Mehdipanah R, Shi X, Resnicow K, Rajaee G, Piette JD.

Rural Michigan Farmers’ Health Concerns and Experiences: A Focus Group Study. J Prim Care Community Health. 2021;12:21501327211053519.

Wright N, Scherdt M, Aebersold M, McCullagh M, Medvec B, Ellimoottil C, Patel MR, Shapiro S, Friese C.

Self-Reported Health Status Improved For Racial And Ethnic Minority Groups After Michigan Medicaid Expansion. Health Affairs 2021 Oct;40(10):1637-1643.

Lee MS, Beathard E, Kirch M, Solway E, Lewallen M, Tipirneni R, Patel MR, Rowe Z, Goold SD.

The association of unfairness with mental and physical health in a multi-ethnic sample of Michigan adults. JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2021 May 10;7(5):e26622.

Resnicow K, Patel MR, Green M, Smith A, Bacon E, Goodell S, Kilby D, Tariq M, Alhawli A, Syed N, Griggs JJ, Stiffler M.

Predictors of screening for cervical and colorectal cancer in women 50-65 years old in a multi-ethnic population in Michigan. Prev Med Rep. 2021 Apr 19;22:101375.

Harper DM, Plegue M, Sen A, Gorin SS, Jimbo M, Patel MR, Resnicow K.

A scoping review of behavioral interventions addressing medical financial hardship. Popul Health Manag. 2021 May 14.

Patel MR, Jagsi R, Resnicow K, Smith SN, Hamel LM, Su C, Griggs JJ, Buchanan D, Isaacson N, Torby M.

A snapshot of unmet social needs and associations with psychosocial factors and health outcomes in a community sample of Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) people in the U.S. J Immigr Minor Health. 2021 Mar 11:1–9.

Patel MR, Green M, Tariq M, Alhawli A, Syed N, Fleming P, Ali A, Bacon E, Goodall S, Smith A, Resnicow K.

Beneficiaries’ perspectives on improved oral health and its mediators after Medicaid expansion in Michigan: a mixed methods study. J Public Health Dent. 2021 Mar 22.

Kieffer EC, Goold SD, Buchmueller T, Nalliah R, Beathard E, Kirch M, Solway E, Tiperneni R, Clark SJ, Haggins AN, Patel MR, Ayanian JZ.

Awareness of and preferences for healthcare chaplaincy services among U.S. adults. J Am Board Fam Med. 2021 Mar-Apr;34(2):368-374.

Rajaee G, Patel MR.

Lung cancer screening knowledge, perceptions, and decision-making among African Americans in Detroit, Michigan. Am J Prev Med. 2021 Jan;60(1):e1-e8.

Lau YK, Bhattarai H, Caverly TJ, Hung PY, Jimenez-Mendoza E, Patel MR, Cote ML, Arenberg DA, Meza R.

2020

Social Determinants of Poor Management of Type 2 Diabetes among the Insured. Curr Diab Rep. 2020 Nov 5;20(11):67.

Patel MR.

Development of an Ethnic Identity Measure for Americans of Middle Eastern and North African Descent: Initial Psychometric Properties, Sociodemographic, and Health Correlates. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2020 Sep 24.

Resnicow K, Patel MR, Green M, Smith A, Bacon E, Goodell S, Tariq M, Alhawli A, Syed N, Van Horn ML, Stiffler M.

Examination of changes in health status among Michigan Medicaid Expansion enrollees from 2016 – 2017. JAMA Network Open, 2020 Jul 1;3(7):e208776.

Patel MR, Tiperneni R, Kieffer EC, Kullgren JT, Ayanian JZ, Chang T, Solway E, Beathard E, Bryant C, Kirch M, Lee S, Clark SJ, Skillicorn J, Rowe, Z, Goold SD.

Association of Medicaid Expansion with enrollee employment and student status in Michigan. JAMA Network Open, 2020 Jan 3;3(1):e1920316.

Tiperneni R, Ayanian JZ, Patel MR, Kieffer EC. Kullgren JT, Bryant C, Kirch M, Clark SJ, Lee S, Solway E, Chang T, Haggins AN, Luster J, Beathard E, Goold SD.

Study Protocol: CareAvenue program to improve unmet social risk factors and diabetes outcomes- A randomized controlled trial. Contemporary Clinical Trials, 2020 Jan 7;89:105933.

Patel MR, Heisler M, Piette JD, Resnicow K, Song PXK, Choe HM, Shi X, Tobi J, Smith A.

The association of expanded Medicaid coverage with health and job-related outcomes among enrollees with behavioral health disorders. Psychiatric Services 2020 Jan 1;71(1):4-11.

Tiperneni R, Patel MR, Goold SD, Kieffer EC, Ayanian JZ, Clark SJ, Lee S, Bryant C, Kirch M, Solway E, Luster J, Lewallen M, Zivin K.

Engagement with health risk assessments and commitment to healthy behaviors in Michigan’s Medicaid expansion program. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 2020 Feb;35(2):514-522.

Kelley AT, Goold SD, Ayanian JZ, Patel MR, Zhang E, Beathard E, Chang T, Solway E, Tiperneni R.

2019

Knowledge of health insurance terms and the Affordable Care Act in racially and ethnically diverse urban communities. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 2019 Jun;22(3):456-466.

Patel MR, TerHaar L, Smith A, Tariq M, Worthington K, Hinton J, Lichtenstein RL.

Comprehensive medication reviews: Optimal delivery setting and recommendations for quality assessment. Journal of American Pharmacists Association 2019 Jul 12. pii: S1544-3191(19)30246-8.

Farhat NM, Farris KB, Patel MR, Cornish L, Choe HM.

Clinician perspectives on electronic health records, communication, and patient safety across diverse medical oncology practices. Journal of Oncology Practice 2019 Jun;15(6):e529-e536.

Patel MR, Friese CR, Mendelsohn-Victor K, Fauer AJ, Ghosh B, Bedard L, Griggs JJ, Manojlovich M.

Acceptability of a multi-media healthcare literacy intervention among Arab Americans and Middle Eastern communities. ACCESS Health Journal 2019 (4): 96-106.

TerHaar L, Lichtenstein R, Tariq M, Smith A, Meyers M, Patel MR.

Insuring Good Health: Outcomes and acceptability of a participatory health insurance literacy intervention in diverse urban communities. Health Education & Behavior, 2019 Jun;46(3):494-505.

Patel MR, Israel BA, Song PXK, Hao W, TerHaar L, Tariq M, Lichtenstein RL.

Physician attitudes about cost consciousness for breast cancer treatment: Differences by cancer sub-specialty. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 2019 Jan;173(1):31-36.

Resnicow K, Patel MR, Mcleod MC, Katz SJ, Jagsi R.

Improving patient–provider communication and therapeutic practice through better integration of electronic health records in the exam room: a pilot study. Health Education & Behavior, 2019 Jun;46(3):484-493.

Patel MR, Smith A, Leo H, Hao W, Zheng K.

2018

An official American Thoracic Society Policy Statement: Improving affordability of prescription medications for people with chronic respiratory disease. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 2018 Dec 1;198(11):1367-1374.

Patel MR, Press VG, Gerald LB, Barnes T, Blake K, Brown LK, Costello R, Crim C, Forshag M, Gershon A, Goss CH, Han MK, Lee TA, Sweet S, Gerald JK.

Cost conversations between primary care providers and patients with expanded Medicaid coverage. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 2018 Nov;33(11):1845-1847.

Tipirneni R, Patel MR, Kirch MA, Goold SD.

Does cross-cultural communications training for physicians improve pediatric asthma outcomes? A randomized trial. Journal of Asthma, 2018 Apr 11:1-12.

Patel MR, Song PXK, Bruzzese JM, Hao W, Evans D, Thomas LJ, Pinkett-Heller M, Meyerson K, Brown RW.

Use of storytelling to increase navigation capacity around the Affordable Care Act in communities of color. Progress in Community Health Partnerships, 2018;12(3):307-319.

Patel MR, TerHaar L, Alattar Z, Rubyan M, Tariq M, Worthington K, Pettway J, Tatko J, Lichtenstein R.

Health insurance challenges in the post-Affordable Care Act (ACA) era: a qualitative study of the perspective of low-income people of color in Metropolitan Detroit. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, 2018 Feb;5(1):78-85.

Patel MR, Jensen A, Ramirez E, Tariq M, Lang I, Kowalski-Dobson T, Pettway J, Famulare M, Lichtenstein RL.

Solutions to address diabetes-related financial burden and cost-related non-adherence: Results from a pilot study. Health Education and Behavior, 2018 Feb;45(1):101-111.

Patel MR, Resnicow K, Lang I, Kraus K, Heisler M.

2017

Health Insurance Enrollment of Children and Young Adults in Wayne County, Michigan: A Qualitative Evaluation. Journal of Health Disparities Research and Practice, 2017 10(4) 123-131.

Kan K, Lichtenstein R, Ramirez E, Tariq M, Jensen A, Pettway J, Kowalski-Dobson T, Famulare M, Patel MR.

Understanding pharmacists’ management of pediatric asthma in the southeast Michigan community pharmacy setting. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy, 2017 Aug;39(4):935-944.

Elaro A, Bosnic-Anticevich S, Kraus K, Farris KB, Shah S, Armour C, Patel MR.

Depression and asthma outcomes in older adults- Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology- In Practice, 2017 Nov – Dec;5(6):1691-1697.e1.

Patel PO, Patel MR, Baptist AP.

Developing an evidence-base of best practices for integrating computerized systems into the exam room: a systematic review. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 2017 Apr 1;24(e1):e207-e215.

Patel MR, Vichich J, Lang I, Lin J, Zheng K.

A randomized trial of a culturally-responsive intervention for African American women with asthma. Annals of Asthma, Allergy, and Immunology, 2017 Feb;118(2):212-219.

Patel MR, Song PXK, Sanders G, Nelson BW, Kaltsas E, Thomas LJ, Janevic MR, Hafeez K, Wang W, Wilkin M, Johnson TR, Brown RW.

Impact of goal setting and goal attainment methods on asthma outcomes. Health Education and Behavior, 2017 Feb;44(1):103-112.

Aaron M, Nelson BW, Kaltsas E, Brown RW, Thomas LJ, Patel MR.

2016

Social determinants of health, cost-related non-adherence, and cost-reducing behaviors among adults with diabetes: findings from the National Health Interview Survey. Medical Care, 2016 Aug;54(8):796-803.

Patel MR, Piette JD, Resnicow K, Dobson-Kowalski T, Heisler, M.

Effect of financial stress and positive financial behaviors on cost-related nonadherence to health regimens among adults in a community-based setting. Preventing Chronic Disease, 2016 Apr 7;13:E46.

Patel MR, Kruger D, Cupal S, Zimmerman MA.

An official American Thoracic Society workshop report: A framework for addressing multimorbidity in clinical practice guidelines for pulmonary disease, critical illness, and sleep disorders. Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 2016 March; 13(3): S12-S21.

Wilson KC, Gould MK, Krishnan JA, Boyd CM, Brozek JL, Cooke C, Douglas IS, Goodman RA, Joo MJ, Lareau S, Mularski RA, Patel MR, Rosenfield RM, Shanawani H, Slatore C, Sockrider M, Sufian E, Thomson CC, Wiener RS.

Before 2015

American Thoracic Society-National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Implementation Research Workshop Report. Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 2015; 12(12) p S213–S221.

Bender BG, Krishnan JA, Chambers DA, Cloutier MM, Riekert KA, Rand CS, Schatz M, Thomson CC, Wilson SR, Apter A, Carson S, George M, Gerald JK, Gerald L, Goss C, Kiley J, Okelo S, Mularski R, Nguyen H, Patel MR, Szefler S, Weiss C, Wilson KC, Freemer MM.

A qualitative study of physician perspectives of cost-related communication and patients’ financial burden with managing chronic disease. BMC Health Services Research, 2015; 15:518.

Patel MR, Shah KS, Shallcross ML.

Adverse asthma outcomes in U.S. children and adolescents with multiple morbidities: findings from the National Health Interview Survey. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 2014 pii: S0091-6749(14)01605-4.

Patel MR, Leo HL, Baptist AP, Cao Y, Brown RW.

Physician-patient communication on cost and affordability in asthma care: who wants to talk about it and who’s actually doing it. Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 2014;11(10):1538-44.

Patel MR, Wheeler, JRC.

Racial differences in guideline recommended care among women with asthma. Chronic Diseases International, 2014;1(1): 6.

Patel MR, Sanders GM, Yang Y, Brown RW, Hafeez K.

Patient perceptions of asthma-related financial burden: public vs private health insurance in the United States. Annals of Asthma, Allergy and Immunology, 2014;113(4):398-403.

Patel MR, Caldwell C, Song PXK, Wheeler JRC.

Older women with asthma: special challenges in treatment and self-management. Annals of asthma, allergy, and immunology, 2014 Aug;113(2):125-130.

Baptist AP, Hamad A, Patel MR.

Beyond co-pays and out-of-pocket costs: perceptions of health-related financial burden in managing asthma among African American women. Journal of Asthma, 2014 Jul 4:1-6.

Patel MR, Nelson BW, Iddeen E, Caldwell CH.

Study protocol for improving asthma outcomes through cross-cultural communication training for physicians: a randomized trial of physician training. BMC Medical Education, 2014 Jun 16;14(1):118.

Patel MR, Thomas LJ, Hafeez K, Shankin M, Wilkin M, Brown RW.

Experiences addressing health-related financial challenges with disease management among African American women with asthma. Journal of Asthma, 2014 Jun;51(5):467-73.

Patel MR, Caldwell CH, Iddeen E, Clark NM.

An examination of adverse asthma outcomes in U.S. adults with multiple morbidities. Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 2013 Oct;10(5):426-31.

Patel MR, Janevic MR, Heeringa S, Baptist AP, Clark NM.

Long-term effects of negotiated treatment plans on self-management behaviors and satisfaction with care among women with asthma. Journal of Asthma, 2013 Feb;50(1):82-9.

Patel MR, Valerio MA, Janevic MR, Gong MZ, Sanders G, Thomas LJ, Clark NM.

Perceived parent financial burden and asthma outcomes in low income, urban children. Journal of Urban Health, 2013 Apr;90(2):329-42.

Patel MR, Brown RW, Clark NM.

Translation of evidence-based asthma interventions: Physician Asthma Care Education (PACE) program in the United States and Australia. Primary Care Respiratory Journal, 2013 Mar;22(1):29-36.

Patel MR, Shah S, Cabana MD, Sawyer S, Toelle B, Mellis C, Jenkins C, Brown RW, Clark NM.

Asthma action plans and patient satisfaction among women with asthma. Chest. 2012 Nov;142(5):1143-1149.

Patel MR, Valerio MA, Sanders G, Thomas LJ, Clark NM.

What about your friends? Examining the influence of asthma-related peer interactions. Journal of Asthma 2011 May;48(4):393-9.

Petteway RJ, Valerio MA, Patel MR.

Improving Food and Fitness: Sector Involvement in Change. Childhood Obesity, 2010 Dec;6(6): 324-336.

Lachance LL, Patel MR, Quinn M, Caldwell C, Clark NM.

Parental satisfaction and the ability to recall the physician’s name. Clinical Pediatrics 2010 Jun;49(6):525-9.

Patel MR, Cabana MD.

Physician communication regarding cost when prescribing asthma medication to children. Clinical Pediatrics, 2009 Mar; 48(5): 493-498.

Patel MR, Coffman JM, Tseng CW, Clark NM, Cabana MD.